Qualitative type of research refers to an area of inquiry that crosscuts subject matter and disciplines. The questions addressed by this study are usually descriptive, exploratory, and discovery-oriented in nature (Draper et al., 2018, p.5). For instance, in this study, one of the questions includes, how is the employees’ morale affected by the changes during the pandemic period? A researcher aims to collect an in-depth comprehension of human behavior as well as reasons that dictate human behavior. A variety of aspects of behavior could have a foundation on values, individual perception, contextual circumstances, and experience.
The qualitative study explores the why as well as how and not just where, what, or when. Thus, the need is for smaller samples instead of large and random. The analysis involves grouping information in patterns as the primary basis for arranging and reporting outcomes. The researcher relies on multiple techniques to collect data. In the study, survey and observation methods were used to help in collecting needed information. Even though it is common to identify a discrepancy between quantitative and qualitative aspects of scientific studies, a mixed-methods strategy is usually applied (Draper et al., 2018, p.10). In some instances, qualitative research is instrumental to gaining comprehension of a phenomenon as a foundation for quantitative research.
At other times, it can tell or enrich people’s understanding of the findings. Additionally, it may be used in the process of conducting qualitative research. The data found is non-numeric, for instance, the video recordings in the study of the employees in their work environment (Draper et al., 2018, p.15). In this analysis, there are five types that are applied, including content analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, framework analysis, and grounded theory.
Content Analysis
Content analysis refers to a process of grouping behavioral information to summarize, classify and tabulate data. Obtaining information as well as analyzing it to draw a certain conclusion has various levels to follow before stakeholders get to see it (Gaur and Kumar, 2018, p.285). The procedure happens in five steps, the first one being identifying and collecting data. There are various ways in which the information for qualitative content analysis can be obtained. Both verbal as well as non-verbal; techniques can be utilized to achieve that from participants involved in the study (Kleinheksel et al., 2020). As mentioned earlier, survey and observation methods were in use. The main elements for conducting this type of scrutiny include words, items, concepts, and semantics.
It is important that one captures the essential data required for the process so that there is adequate information for the intended purpose. Similarly, it also involves sampling. The sample needs to be large enough to depict the whole population under study (Kleinheksel et al., 2020). For instance, in the study, the number of employees used was adequate to represent the workers in the corporate world (Lindgren et al., 2020, p.103632). The other step in the process is establishing the categories in coding. Measurement of the content in the process has a basis on structured observation, which is a systematic observation according to particular written rules. The latter informs how the information needs to be grouped. These categories described for the analysis ought to be mutually exclusive. The rules aid in making replication easier as well as improving dependability.
To analyze the data, it is essential to categorize the whole content into various sets for better management. This is a procedure of selective reduction whereby the text is changed to classes so that the researcher can focus on the groupings for particular words as well as patterns that respond to the questions. The codes could look similar to phrases, numbers, words, or emotions. The third step in this process involves coding the content. A code refers to a label that one assigns to a text that needs analysis. For instance, in this study, the word employee is allocated whenever there is a mention of any individual working in a company (Kauppila, 2018, p.950). During the procedure, a number needs to be assigned to every group (Mahdavinejad et al., 2018, p.165). The code ought to be mutually exclusive, as suggested by (Khudhair et al., 2020, p.1681). Coding refers to a collection of rules that illustrate the technique of observing the content in a particular text. It will highlight the key characteristics, including direction, frequency, space, and intensity.
Frequency is the number of times a specific code happens. Direction refers to the manner in which the information appears, for instance, negative, positive, support, or the opposite. Intensity represents the amount of strength in a specific direction. Space is the size of the message or the quantity allocated to the text. Coding collects much dependable information depending on the availability or absence of the phrase or word (Mahdavinejad et al., 2018, p.170). Coding software is utilized to distinguish the phrases, words as well as images on a website. There is a lexical mapping computer program that is capable of identifying numerous themes. The frequency is calculated, and a table is produced to represent the data. The fourth step is checking validity as well as reliability.
The next phase involves testing the codes that have been created. The codes should be validated for dependability. The code must go through testing to check whether it actually measures what is expected and if there is consistency in the results (Nistor and Hernández-Garcíac, 2018, p.336). Validity of sampling refers to the assessment and authentication of the sample that was chosen for the analysis. Semantic validity looks at if the various phrases or words have similar meaning after being identified to be part of a group. The connection also has to be checked to understand whether a measure can be replaced for another one. Reliability or dependability check of the information is essential to check if the researchers can depend on it, which means that it ought to be consistent during the whole measuring procedure.
A check on reproducibility is done by having several individuals code a data sample and compare the outcomes. The information can also be scrutinized for its stability, whereby a check is carried out to examine the extent of consistency within a period (Nistor and Hernández-Garcíac, 2018, p.337). Additionally, an accuracy check is performed to identify if the procedure conforms to the standard as anticipated and if it gathers the findings based on what for it is designed. Determining reliability is crucial as any outcome without proper validation or dependability is not helpful. The final step is scrutinizing as well as presenting the discoveries. After finishing the whole procedure, there will be numerous collections of data arranged as files. This must resemble a report so that a recipient is able to understand it.
The review of the final outcome is involved in addition to identifying patterns, organizing every piece of information in a sequence, and lastly, presenting it. The initial sections should address every basic data concerning the report, including study period, location, aim and objective, sources, and explain the various tools as well as methods utilized during the research. The findings section must contain facts about factors in observation. The findings need support from data and should be presented in the form of matrices and graphs. Presenting the information makes it easy for a reader to comprehend as well as interpret the report. The findings section needs to offer a thorough analysis and summary of observations that were collected in the process. The researcher has to include the key discoveries and avoid much information that can obscure the actual results (Nistor and Hernández-Garcíac, 2018, p.337). The findings ought to attempt to narrate the discoveries without adding unnecessary solutions. This part should provide a direction to the top stakeholders for additional discussion and evaluation of the scenario and encourage them to decide according to the report.
Narrative Analysis
Narrative analysis is a method that involves the reformulation of stories availed by participants considering the context of every case and various experiences of all of them. In simple terms, it is the revision of primary qualitative data by a researcher. No agreed-upon technique of narrative analysis exists. There are numerous types of designs in this process. Apart from that, there is a step-by-step procedure that one follows (Nistor and Hernández-Garcíac, 2018, p.338). The first step includes coding the narrative blocks. A researcher inductively codes the blocks they find in the data collection. For instance, stories concerning how companies chose to stop operating for a while.
The second step in this procedure includes grouping and reading life events. The researcher needs to read over every narrative that they coded with the above-used code. As they do that, they should be aware of the differences as well as similarities. This is the start of the analysis process. After that, the following step involves creating nested narration structure codes. For all codes, they need to be created and nested according to the story structure scheme of choice. For instance, narratives concerning decisions on reducing the number of working employees.
The fourth step in the narrative analysis is delving into the story structure. At this point, the researcher can collate every life event by the code. For example, within a narrative about deciding to reduce the number of employees, one can focus on orientation. In each story, they can compare as well as contrast how various participants oriented their stories. Differences and similarities can be noted down during observation. The former can further be coded to aid in analysis. For instance, if the participants commonly spoke about the company’s financial status, they may end up with something like:
Electing to reduce the number of employees
- Abstract
- Orientation
- Profits
- Losses etc.
The fifth step in narrative analysis involves comparison across story structures. As one breaks up the blocks by structure, they are required not to lose sight of the overarching story. They also need to switch between reading the blocks as a whole and diving into every code. It is important to be attentive to how the story structure codes associate across a life incident. Respondents who detailed about losses may construct meaning in a different manner than those who experienced profits. They might discover after comparison of the orientation and evaluation.
The sixth step in this process is telling the core narrative. In the end, one will have completely explored every block. A researcher will have a clear comprehension of how the participants’ narrations relate but also how they vary. Through the procedure, one may have a theory of why the stories vary. For every incident, a researcher ought to take the structure used. Then, they are supposed to write the main narration that encompasses the discords between respondents. If they discover discrepancies within the study base, they can record that in a single narrative. They can also break a life occurrence into multiple narrations and contrast them. In the example used above, one may write a single-core narration from the view of participants whose company experienced losses and other profits.
Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis refers to a method of analysis of natural talk and every type of written text. Conducting the technique means assessing how language works as well as how the meaning is established in various social contexts (Leipold et al., 2019, p.450). This can be utilized in either oral or written language and non-verbal aspects of communication, for example, gestures and tone. Materials that are fitting for this procedure include newspapers, books, periodicals, or conversations (Leipold et al., 2019, p.451). By analyzing the variety of discourse, a researcher aims to obtain a comprehension of social groups as well as how they interact.
Unlike other linguistic strategies that target rules on language use only, discourse analysis stresses the contextual meaning of language. It looks at the social aspects of communication as well as the ways individuals utilize language to accomplish particular effects. Rather than using less considerable language units such as sounds, the technique is used in exploring many considerable portions (Mullet, 2018, p.120). There are many approaches and methods people use to carry out discourse scrutiny.
The first step involves defining the question targeted to be answered and choosing the content that requires analysis. One begins with a well-defined research problem that will direct the whole process. Afterward, they choose a variety of material that is proper to respond to it (Riley and Wiggins, 2019, p.241). Discourse analysis refers to a method that is applicable to both large and small quantities of the sample depending on the timescale and objectives of the study. The second step is gathering information and looking at the theory in the context.
The researcher has to establish the historical as well as the social context in which the material was generated and aimed to be received. They are required to collect facts concerning where and when the information was produced, the author, publisher, and the recipient (Buchheim et al., 2021). Apart from comprehending the real-life background of discourse, one can as well conduct a review of the literature on the topic as well as design a scheme to direct the analysis. The next step is analyzing the information to recognize any themes or patterns available.
At this stage, the researcher closely examines multiple elements of the material present, for example, words or paragraphs, and relates them to characteristics, patterns, or themes relevant to the study problem. They scrutinize the chosen content for statements and wording that show the responses to the question (Riley and Wiggins, 2019, p.245). For instance, this study aims to discover whether employees lost their motivation after the COVID-19 pandemic (Brown et al., 2020, p.380). There are issues that repeatedly show up as data in the process and thus form a pattern or a theme.
The fourth step involves reviewing or assessing the results as well as drawing conclusions. Once a researcher has assigned certain characteristics to elements of the content, it is important that they reflect on the outcomes to assess the meaning and function of the language. They will consider analysis regarding the broader context that they established initially to reach conclusions that react to the study problem.
The purpose of research in the real world is to ensure that particular issues in society are dealt with appropriately. For instance, in the nursing field, every study conducted aims to help the nurses or doctors work better to attain the highest standards pertaining to their practice. These could be important details on how to conduct diagnosis better or treatment. Improvement in those two areas can help better the chances of healing for individuals seeking medical help. Additionally, the information discovered can help the patients understand more about various health conditions, thus improving the life quality of people in society. In information technology, individuals have benefited as they have realized more ideas about innovations and other inventions (Harjoto et al., 2021, p.800). In the business sector, particularly marketing, companies have hired professionals in the research field to help them understand more about the market and other factors that impact their market share.
After the first case was announced in China and thereafter in other parts of the world, companies had to determine whether operations would continue in the same manner before or not. The reason for this is due to many of them not being digitally managed before. For instance, Walmart and Amazon are almost the same organization but only defer on how they carry out their operations. The former uses physical stores, while the other utilizes online stores or e-commerce. When the pandemic hit, those that had previously established themselves in e-commerce did not have any worries concerning their sales (Caligiuri and De Cieri, 2021, p.10). In fact, the sales increased more than twice since most of the people abandoned the shops and ordered items online.
The same thing happened with employment as the companies that failed to sustain operations as before the pandemic had to close to avoid losses. Others closed a few months after the first wave since they could not sustain themselves in the midst of all the losses they were experiencing (Kurmann et al., 2020). A few opted to reduce the number of employees so that it could be easier to manage the costs incurred (Cavallo and Forman, 2020, p.142). As this is financially and business-wise proper, it failed to consider the wellbeing of the employees. People who had depended on the earnings from their work to support their families had to look for other ways to achieve that (Core and De Marco, 2021). The governments elected to implement restrictions that aimed to control the spread of the disease.
All these events led to people becoming mentally unstable since there was no definitive date issued by the health sectors of any country or even the World Health Organization regarding the pandemic’s end. For those who remained at work, they had to endure reduced earnings, which meant that most things in their lives had to be adjusted (Chen et al., 2020). Additionally, since the disease was deadly, some of them lost colleagues to the disease and had to live with memories every time they stepped into the same work environment (Craven et al., 2020). When one looks at the whole issue and events that have taken place in the last two years, it is clear that individuals have suffered psychologically and thus affected their performance.
Motivation is very important in the workplace as it not only affects how one individual performs but can also be infectious and influence the whole organization. Companies that have succeeded in their industries have realized that human resource is an essential part of the organization (Hanaysha and Majid, 2018, p.20). In the digital era, many have thought that the innovations such as computer programs that run on robots will help replace humans from the work settings. However, this has led to many of them faulting at the way they handle workers and resulted in losses due to low production.
Individuals have emotions and are susceptible to matters that happen around them. It is possible that an employee who continued to do his job despite many being laid off and still earning the same amount as before is traumatized as well. Issues such as diseases and death can harm a human’s psychological wellbeing and thus require important treatment (De Sousa Sabbagha et al., 2018, p.137). After the pandemic and when various governments reduced the restrictions and mandates, many companies resumed operations as normal. This does not mean, however, that the workers were okay (Dua et al., 2020). For instance, the level of intensity individuals approaches work with change.
In the past year, a time when many firms resumed work as normal, the number of suicide cases has risen. Psychologists claim that the main reason is due to the fact that the majority of the victims had t re-adjust their lives financially. This is one of the reasons but is less accurate and cannot be the main reason. In addition to the fiscal constraints, people had to deal with other factors in life as well. For instance, if a person worked for company X at a particular position at the management level, the amount of work required for them to accomplish is either the same as before or more. One has to remember that the particular individual is still trying to acclimate to an environment though not new, it is different.
The firms with the urgency to regain the lost time are piling much pressure on the manager and asking them to deliver or be fired or demoted. The person ultimately gives in to the pressures or ideas of finding a peaceful place which, to most, is, unfortunately, death (Apedo-Amah et al., 2020). Apart from suicide, the reported cases of drug addiction have also risen, which is a testament to people trying to relieve themselves from the stress of their workplace environments. The number of corporate individuals who had to be restrained by law enforcement or other agencies is at an all-time high.
Additionally, the issue has infiltrated the family setting, whereby there are increased cases of child abuse, partner abuse, or gender-based violence. When speaking to some of the participants before the study, many claimed that it was like entering a new place and expected to perform at a high standard, as suggested by (Athar 2020, p.150). The organizations have failed in trying to help them adapt and become better mentally, as suggested by Alves et al. (2020). There are those who reported that they lost their close relatives to the pandemic, which is tragic (Hitka et al., 2018, p.90). Athletes have been seen to perform worse when they are battling family issues such as the death of a sibling or parent. For instance, in the National Basketball Association, a player named Karl Towns had to be allowed some time off the sporting activities (Bartik et al., 2020). This was after he lost his mother to the COVID-19 and himself being isolated after contracting it for an extended period.
The case above shows that it is important for a person to heal mentally before getting back to normal activities. Rather than focusing on how to regain the lost time and money, it was important that companies focus on helping people. There are seminars that are held about how to deal with mental issues and work pressures (Apedo-Amah et al., 2020). Paying and enabling them to attend for free would go a long way to prevent future events that not only hurt the employee, his family, but also the organization. A mentally unstable person can cause an unanticipated accident at work, which may lead to harm to others around them (Juergensen et al., 2020, p.500). For instance, a police officer suffering from PTSD is prone to turn to colleagues or family members as the memories of a painful event come up. Treating such an individual means protecting everyone around them and thus the whole society.
In a financial institution such as a bank, it is important that the leaders, for instance, in the senior management, propose and help set aside funds. These will aid in finding psychological assistance for every individual working in the organization with the intention of allowing them to deal with tragic memories they have (Beland et al., 2020, p.70). Once they deal with the issues, it would be easier for them to act better and cope with any matters concerning the topic (Ejiogu et al., 2020). It is the responsibility of the governments through various agencies to ensure that the employees are treated according to labor rights (Huang et al., 2020, p.102660). Someone does not need to deal with issues for the sake of maintaining a job (Humphries et al., 2020). It is understandable that a year ago, they did not have any work, but it is unacceptable for a government to allow its people to be exploited by greedy business owners. The main job is protecting the citizen who voted for them, and this is one instance of when an individual needs his or her leaders to stand for them.
The companies used in the study were selected since they are large enough to the extent that they have employed more than five hundred employees. Additionally, they have existed for more than a decade, which means they are mature enough to understand the various issues that affect businesses (Bloom et al., 2021). Thirdly, the organizations are led by individuals from various backgrounds, and even the workers-base is diverse (Jensen, 2018, p.95). This means that the information gathered was going to be beneficial in terms that it gives a representation of a large society.
Choosing the right method of analysis was difficult since the study aimed to help many people and organizations in the world. The narrative analysis technique was selected over other methods since it can be applied to organizational studies. The narrative scheme serves as a lens through which the apparently independent and disconnected elements of existence are seen as related parts of a whole. Therefore, narrative enables the researcher to gather and analyze information from multiple dimensions and has the capacity to present the relatedness between interdependencies. This methodology enables the researcher to synergize and bring together a number of key elements when approaching or analyzing an organizational problem or testing a hypothesis which contributes to presenting a holistic way of understanding a particular organizational issue.
Since narratives are fundamentally adductive, it allows for different views to emerge. This method allows the researcher to study interdependent issues and, from this, explore and analyze differences that impact organizational performance. Narrative stories express multiple, possibly conflicting viewpoints, these are often choral-like, three-dimensional, self-reflexive, and dynamic. In today’s changing world, managers are faced with managing ambiguity and paradox, which requires a research methodology that can deal with uncertainties. The breadth, complexity, and richness of stories offer a holistic way of collecting data.
Organizational phenomena, such as leadership, strategic management, culture, and change, are narratives that have a historical context, which is quantifiable and measurable. When understood from a dynamic perspective differing and new narratives do emerge. The narrative analysis encompasses both the told and the telling. This implies that narrative not only addresses the present reality but it also shapes future direction. Let us consider organizational strategy as an example. Traditionally, strategy is a story of the past and the expected future that is usually articulated through text and performance objectives for key stakeholders. The narrative analysis provides a medium for an organization to express their current reality and the multiple stories that describe and predict their future. This has powerful implications for organizations in a future context as they move away from the individual, oncological organizations to virtual or throw-away ones. These discarded organizations will require narratives that can cope with blurred organizational boundaries.
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